Children's Rights and Participation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Children's Rights and Participation - Essay Example The rights which are based on this include a question of how many rights children should have and whether this is applicable within society. While there are questions of children’s rights, others are also questioning the social structure of given areas which currently protects children who don’t have the rights. The dichotomy of children’s rights then becomes the main question between those who are looking at the place of children in society and the flexibility which should be included with the rights of children. This paper will explore the association between children’s rights within society as well as how this is related to the amount of children’s rights that should be distributed. The focus of protection and security, as well as the association with the development of children both has to be considered in regards to the needs of children in school, society and in the household. While equal participation can provide children with a stronger voic e for security, there is also the need to change this according to the specific levels of development among children. Sociology of Childhood The sociology of children is one which is known as a unique phenomena in society. Children are divided into a sub – group within society, specifically because of biological differences and age. ... From this perspective, the sociological components are based only on the understanding and definitions of society, as opposed to the capabilities and rights which children should have as citizens within society (Archard, 2004: 25). This creates the main difference between children and their rights, which shows a level of injustice over children and the abilities that they don’t have in terms of acting as responsible citizens within society because of social labels. The concept of childhood is one which has altered through sociological associations throughout time. Historical records note that the ideal of childhood has changed in different cultures and in various time frames. The idea of childhood is then implied throughout time and distinguishes rights based on the social needs of a given time frame. When a child is developed in a specific way, such as through education or work, then it becomes a reflection on what is needed within society as well as how this relates to the s pecific conditions of a given region. The idea of childhood then becomes related to a social construction which is based on age, gender, biological differences and the amount of knowledge which an individual has about the world. The social makeup of a child and the demographic differences then remain the only division in society, some which changes the roles which children play within society (Archard, 2004: 25). The differences associated with children and the social role which is taken is further implied with the expected participation in which children have within society. It is known that there are multidimensional participation processes that construct the role of a child in society and the expectations that are associated with this. The

Hot and Cold Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hot and Cold - Lab Report Example Introduction It is a common phenomenon that whenever there is a chemical reaction in a system at constant pressure while, at the same time, there is no energy gained or lost to the surrounding; it is always evident that the system would either decrease or increase. In the first instance, energy will be lost in the form of heat if the reaction is exothermic when the system gets into thermal contact with the surrounding. On the other hand, energy will be gained in the form of heat if the reaction is endothermic when the system’s temperature decreases. Enthalpy, denoted by H, is the change in heat energy of a system at a constant pressure. The SI unit of energy, which is joule (J), is similar to that of enthalpy (Hughes). Enthalpy is known to be a safe function, and can be denoted as shown below; Heat absorbed = increase in enthalpy = H = Hfinal - Hinitial -----------(i) Adiabatic conditions arise when a system is configured in such a manner that there is no heat gained or lost b y the system. Therefore, in adiabatic processes the heat absorbed is always equal to enthalpy change, which is zero. Enthalpy can be changed by changing the temperature of water or even by a chemical reaction under adiabatic conditions as shown below; Hsystem = + Hdue to reaction = 0 ----------------(ii) Hdue to reaction = - -------------------(iii) Thus, enthalpy change can be calculated as follows; = Specific heat capacity x mass x T -----------(iv) Where; T = Tf - Ti For exothermic reactions, T is always positive and negative for endothermic reactions. If the measurement of change in temperature of any chemical reaction is taken under adiabatic condition then change in enthalpy due to the reaction, can be ascertained from the enthalpy change producing the change in temperature (Hughes). Enthalpy is an extensive property that in many occasions depends on the amount of reaction that occurs. Therefore, in order to obtain an intensive property in the comparison of various reactions, the enthalpy change is always related to the amount of one of the products or reactants. From this explanation, the enthalpy reaction may be given as shown below; H = ----------(v) The SI unit for Hrxn is given as J/mol, even though reaction enthalpies are normally said to be in kJ/mol. Species A may be taken as the limiting reagent since some of it needs to be reacted. In addition, reaction enthalpies are known to be calculated from values that are tabularized at standard molar enthalpies of formation, from tabulated combustion enthalpies, and from calorimetry data (Hughes). The experimental calorimetry data is the method that is chosen for this lab experiment using the various principles discussed above. The Calorimeter A calorimeter is a device that can be used in measuring the enthalpy change in a system during a reaction, but at the same time taking caution of the increase in temperature (for exothermic reaction), or decrease in temperature (for endothermic reaction) (Hughes). There are several types of calorimeter, but for this experiment the calorimeter used is the Styrofoam cups and plastic lids. Moreover, the foam between the surrounding and the liquid helps as the thermal obstacle in preventing heat loss from the reaction to the surroundings. The reactions will take place in a cup of aqueous solution, and the temperature monitored with the thermometer. There are two assumptions that ought to be made about the system and the calorimeter. First, the Styrofoam cup

Report On The Airasia Tourism Essay

Report On The Airasia Tourism Essay 1.0 Executive summary The current situation of Air market is not steady and could satisfy needs of customers, more and more negative news appear to show depression of AirAsia. AirAsia is a Malaysian-based company which owns airlines in Asia with low cost and provide 400 flight lines over 25 countries, the AirAsia was first founded in 1993 and operated in 1998 (Sen Ng, 2008). With almost 20-year history, AirAsia could be regarded as the most successful company in Asia. Brief analysis of AirAsia will be given in the report and further information will be provided to further support assistance for readers to know about AirAsia. 2.0 Introduction The air market is struggling at present, more competitors are involved in the battle and the competence seems intense than ever before, higher price of energy and lower price of flights drive most of airplane companies loss profit and reduce revenue (Kernchen, 2007). Airline market in Europe, America especially in Asia is developing in opposite direction, with effects of financial crisis, less customers go out to travel by plane; economy is also influenced by crisis which drives less businessmen go aboard to invest by plane (Shaw, 2011). The airline companies around world are all affected by crisis, decrease the revenue. At the same time, the speed of development of technology is beyond imagination of people, most airline companies purchase new planes from countries expert in measuring planes such as America, China and Russia, which increase cost and make more difficult to balance finance. The objective of the report is to supply information of AirAsia for readers and assist them to better understand the factors affecting AirAsia in the future, potential threats AirAsia will face with. The report will state an analysis of AirAsia with PESTEL method, from various aspects to show the key external factors affect the development of AirAsia. Then the second part will discuss how the Market Liberalization in the Asia-Pacific assisted AirAsia growth in the region. The third part of report will implement data to show a SWOT analysis of AirAsia and Porters five forces to further supply information of AirAsia. With SWOT analysis and Porters five forces, potential challenges will be given which AirAsia will face in the future. Finally a conclusion will be referred to. 3.0 External factors affect AirAsia Many factors will affect the development of an industry, which could easily divided into external and internal factors. To drive organizations progress better in the changeable world, to analyze and know what potential factors will affect organizations is essential. Eternal factors are easy to handle and organizations could prepare in advance before problems appear, especially for countries in Asia, most countries are at developing groups, external factors such as politics, economy or climates will affect organizations development in long-term (Kohama, 2003). Airline industry is easy affected by those external factors, so the following content will give a PESTEL analysis to help readers know what will affect AirAsia. 3.1 PESTEL analysis PESTEL analysis is used by managers as one of the most essential frameworks to study the external factors that affect development of organizations, PESTEL stands for Political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal ( William Green, 1997). The following content will focus on situation in Asia in the view of PESTEL analysis. Political factors: Asia is a mixed region compared with other areas, there are various countries with different government systems, besides, Asia has a long history, however, most Asian seem to have the similar cultural backgrounds, the policies each country hold are totally different, and the independence movements are continues recently ( Zhang, 2003). AirAsia owns many subsidiaries in many Asian countries, since cold war, with intense relationship between China and Japan, Taiwan, continues conflict between South Korea and North Korea, the flights of AirAsia are affected by these political factors, the relationships among Asian countries are difficult to fortell and the politics in each country seem unsteady ( Yahuda,2005). Economic factors: The economic growth in Asia increased faster since 1945, especially China and Japan, with independent and away from wars, these two countries develop beyond imagination. However, influenced by financial crisis, most Asian countries are struggling economic depression, the inflation rate raise, exchange rates change daily (Adams, 2006). All these unsteady factors drive less export and less people spend money on tourism which directly affects the revenue of AirAsia. The profit decline with less customers and less export for AirAsia. Social factors: In Asia, tourism is not thought about as usual as Europeans, which means, under the effects of cultural background, Asians spend less money on tourism. However, Asians are sensitive to change of price, especially when they desire to go out by plane, lower price will attract them, AirAsia holds the advantages of lower price. With more branches set up in Asian countries, AirAsia will appeal more Asian customers. The population in Asia increase fast, changeable population in Asia drive more young people change locations to live, China and India, these two biggest countries in Asia means change of demand for AirAsia (Sanderson Tan, 1995) Technological factors: Technology plays important role in the airline industry especially for AirAsia which implement the low cost carriers. With more and more experts appearance in Asia, competitors in the field of airline are able to invent new things to reduce cost to win in the battle, if AirAsia wants win finally, the key is to invite more professional experts to join them. Innovation of competitors affects revenue of AirAsia, too. New airplanes with high technology would appeal to customers to change purchasing habits. Environmental factors: Climate is a key factor which influences the revenue of AirAsia, however, natural factors are not planned or changed by human beings. Most of Asia countries realize the importance of protection for environment, with globalization and development of technology, the pollution raise and the living surroundings are damaged. Now, the slogan of energy saving and emission reduction is popular in China, governments request most organizations use clear energy to produce, especially for airline companies, lower cost but less pollutions to environment, fuel or gas must conform to law of countries. Legal factors: Taxation requested for customers will be increase by most countries, which will affect the revenue of AirAsia. Facing more taxation for tickets, customers will feel uncomfortable and ask to reduce the price of tickets. Tariff will change according to current economic situation of the world, especially for Asian countries who export goods with lower cost to compete with domestic industry. Environmental protection regulations will change to request AirAsia to use clear fuel or gas which increase cost and reduce revenue. Laws of export and import will also affect AirAsia, all these depend on policies of Asian countries and economy of the world. 3.2 SWOT analysis After stating key external factors which will affect the revenue of AirAsia, the company also needs tools to analyze under these factors, what the development in the future, the SWOT analysis pursues an integrated strategic position by providing internal information to conclude the strengths, weakness and external information of opportunities and threats ( Bohm, 2009). The SWOT analysis of AirAsia can be seen below: Figure 1: Strengths: Low cost compared with other competitors, the core value of AirAsia is low cost in Asia. Effective management, correct strategic positions, target customers. Simple models implemented in AirAsia, exploring for long time to find out suitable developing models. Secure time and high quality of service attract more customers. Expansion with more than five countries in Asia, multi-skilled employees in company means efficient workforce. Continues innovation, experts teams to invent new type of airplanes. Various airlines for customers, proving more choices for customers. Weakness: Lower cost means lower salary for employees, could not appeal skilled employees. Government regulation and policies often change towards airports, higher taxation for customers and tariff for export and import. More needs of customers, higher compensation asked by passengers increase cost of the company. New entrants in this field, more intense competition in Asia. Increasing price of gas and fuel, less profit for AirAsia. Brand is vital for market, airplanes only with service worse than competitors who ask for higher price. Opportunities: Airlines from Asia to other countries should be provided. Different model but still keep the principle of lower cost carriers. Increase quality of customer service and try to set up a full-service with low fare. Aggressive competition will drive air market prospers for new routes. Higher price of fuel will push competitors out of air industry. Threats: Full service increase cost of AirAsia. Entrants of air industry with lower cost. Accident, change of climate and disaster will influence confidence of consumers. Close relationship among each system in AirAis will limit development of company. Higher salary asked by skilled employees, increasing cost of labor. Government regulations and intense relationship among specific countries, unsteady politics in Asia. (Lim, 2012) 3.3 Porters Five Forces Porters five forces are used by managers to predict potential threats from competitors which will provide a model for managers to better understand the industry (Roy, 2011). After stating PESTEL and SWOT analysis of AirAsia, further information related with competitors will be provided in the following part. The diagram of Porters five forces could better help readers to know more about potential threats for AirAsia. Figure 2 ¼Ã… ¡ Rivalry Strong competitors from China and Singapore with the similar motto everyone can afford the air ticket as AirAsia. Examples such as Spring Airlines in China and Value Air, Tiger Airways in Singapore are strong competitors for AirAsia. Substitutes In the field of air industry, the substitutes are not essential threats for AirAsia. Cars and trains are main substitutes, however, trains are chosen by passages only in China and India, with lower price and safe condition, not affected by change of climate, trains are influence air industry. Cars can be regarded as threats for AirAsia in limited conditions, only for customers who like driving and do not care time. Threats of new entrants Asian air market is a huge market with potential for most companies, not only for Asian air companies, new entrants from Europe and America also involve in intense competition with AirAsia. New entrants will change the supply and demand, affecting AirAsia market share. New airplanes and special service will attract loyal customers from AirAsia to new entrants. Bargaining power of buyers. Consumers have more choices facing large numbers of air companies; they will request higher quality of service and be strict with the take off time and arrival time. They will compare prices of competitors with AirAsia, complaining lower price of other airlines to reduce revenue of AirAsia. Bargaining power of suppliers Suppliers concentrated, fuel or gas suppliers are mainly in East Asia, and the price of fuel and gas are changing without any bargaining of air companies. Fewer suppliers for fuel and aircrafts mean higher price they could ask for. The growth of AirAsia depends on many factors; the report has stated key external factors which will influence revenue of AirAsia, internal factors of strengths and weakness of AirAsia. 4.0 Conclusion In conclusion, the report has stated three analysis of AirAsia in order to supply enough information for readers to understand the strategic positions and models the company implement. With PESTEL analysis, key external factors influencing AirAsia are mentioning and SWOT analysis to provide AirAsia strengths and weakness, AirAsia should keep the core value and supply better service with low cost carriers in long term. Porters five forces analysis also shows potential threats for AirAsia should notice in the future, with new entrants and existing competitors, AirAsia should change management strategy and appeal to more skilled staff.

Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde :: English Literature

Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde I have been reading the book Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. The book was written by Robert Louis Stevens on during in the 19th century. This book was written during a time where Victorian society had a lot of strong moral values. These codes were very strict and controlled every aspect of the Victorian lifestyle. People in these times believed to settle things verbally rather than aggression so fighting was looked down upon. People looked upon this kind of behavior as a sin and of course they looked down upon sins as well. The upper class Victorian society believed that everyone kept to this moral code that they had. People in this time believed that people with very high status were very moral and did not cause any sins. However, this book was also written during a time where there was a lot of hypocrisy around and people. The underbelly of this society showed what Victorian society was really like. Though it's polite and well-groomed exterior, we find people committing sins and going against the moral codes. These sins were however well hidden from the society and although they acknowledged some of the 'evil' that was happening, they still just shrugged it off saying that only the people committing 'evil' were the 'sick individuals'. The 'sick individuals' also seemed to belong to the lower class society. Victorian people were very physiognomous as they judged people by their physicality and the word 'sick' seemed to describe the lower class society very well according to Victorian times. We know now that it wasn't just the lower class individuals committing sins, but they weren't individuals either. Robert Luis Stevenson explorers this very well and shows that the upper class can be evil too. Stevenson used 'Hyde very well to hide Dr Jekyll's evil side well. Even the name is ironic. The upper class society had seemed to 'Hyde' all this very well. They kept their upper society life 'clean' but they had another side that committed sins. That is what 'Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde' is all about. The author (Stevenson) had based this book on people in this era. He believed in the duality of man, which meant that every person had two sides to their personality. He believed that one side of a person would be nice and colorful whereas the other would be rude and dark. Stevenson who was brought up in upper class society, was fascinated with lower class society. With this, he seemed to become angry at what Victorian society was like and this is echoed in Jekyll. The book 'Frankenstein' heavily influenced Stevenson heavily as the

The 4p’s of Nike Marketing Plan

The 4P’s Of Nike Marketing Plan (i)Product †¢Nike offers a wide range of shoe, apparel and equipment products, all of which are currently its top-selling product categories. †¢Nike started selling sports apparel, athletic bags and accessory items in 1979. Their brand Cole Haan carries a line of dress and casual footwear and accessories for men, women and children. †¢Nike’s foremost focus is athletic footwear and apparels designed for sports and everyday usage with the brand name. †¢The production facilities are located close to the raw material to have low labor prices. New product offerings under the name of brand include sport balls, timepieces, eyewear, skates, bats, and other equipment designed for sports activities. †¢The most famous product categories of Nike includes running, basketball, cross-training, outdoor activities, tennis, golf, soccer, baseball, football, bicycling, volley ball, wrestling, cheerleading, aquatic activities and oth er athletic and recreational use. †¢Moreover, they also utilize the auxiliary bodies to sell te sports related raw materials and products including Cole Haan Holdings, Nike Team Sports, and Bauer Nike Hockey. ii)Price †¢Nike’s pricing is designed to be competitive to the other fashion shoe retailers. The pricing is based on the basis of premium segment as target customers. Nike as a brand commands high premiums. Nike’s pricing strategy makes use of vertical integration in pricing wherein they own participants at differing channel levels or take part in more than one channel level operations. This can control costs and influence product pricing. †¢The company has designed its pricing structure in a way to make it competitive to other shoe sellers. The price of the products is variable depending on the type and the size for example a comfortable and good pair of shoes would cost from 70 to 150 dollars. (iii)Placement †¢Nike shoes are carried by multi- brand stores and the exclusive. †¢Nike has its individual stores and also available at major malls and departmental stores selling shoes all over the globe. †¢They have more than 20000 retailers in United States and also in other 200 countries. †¢The companies also sell its products through individuals, auxilianes and licensees. The company has its own production units, customer services and operational units in all over the world. †¢Nike sells its products through independent distributors, licensees and subsidiaries. Independent distributors need not adapt to local pressures because the 4Ps of marketing are managed by distributors. (iv)Promotion †¢The company has used electronic media (commercials, official website of Nike and newspapers) to promote their brand. †¢Promotion is largely dependent on finding accessible store locations. It also avails of targeted advertising in the newspaper and creating strategic alliances. Many well known athletes have a lso worked for the advertisement of brank like Brazilian Soccer Team. †¢Nike also sponsors events such as Hoop It Up and The Golden West Invitational. Nike’s brand images, the Nike name and the trademark swoosh; make it one of the most recognizable brands in the world. †¢Nike’s brand power is one reason for its high revenues. Nike’s quality products, loyal customer base and its great marketing techniques all contribute to make the shoe empire a huge success. †¢The brands swoosh logo and image played an important role in its advertisement.

“Discourse on the Method” by Rene Descartes Essay

Discourse on the Method is Descartes’ attempt to explain his method of reasoning through even the most difficult of problems. He illustrates the development of this method through brief autobiographical sketches interspersed with philosophical arguments. Part 1 contains â€Å"various considerations concerning the sciences.† First, all people possess â€Å"good sense,† the ability to distinguish truth from fiction. Therefore, it is not a lack of ability that obstructs people but their failure to follow the correct path of thought. The use of a method can elevate an average mind above the rest, and Descartes considered himself a typical thinker improved by the use of his method. Descartes benefited from a superior education, but he believed that book learning also clouded his mind. After leaving school, he set off traveling to learn from â€Å"the great book of the world† with an unclouded mind. He comes to the conclusion that all people have a â€Å"natural light† that can be obscured by education and that it is as important to study oneself as it is to study the world. In part 2, Descartes describes his revelation in the â€Å"stove-heated room.† Contemplating various subjects, he hits on the idea that the works of individuals are superior to those conceived by committee because an individual’s work follows one plan, with all elements working toward the same end. He considers that the science he learned as a boy is likely flawed because it consists of the ideas of many different men from various eras. Keeping in mind what he has learned of logic, geometry, and algebra, he sets down the following rules: (1) to never believe anything unless he can prove it himself; (2) to reduce every problem to its simplest parts; (3) to always be orderly in his thoughts and proceed from the simplest part to the most difficult; and (4) to always, when solving a problem, create a long chain of reasoning and leave nothing out. He immediately finds this method effective in solving problems that he had found too difficult before. Still fearing that his own misconceptions might be getting in the way of pure reason, he decides to systematically eliminate all his wrong opinions and use his new method exclusively. In part 3, Descartes puts forth a provisional moral code to live by while  rethinking his views: (1) to obey the rules and customs of his country and his religion and never take an extreme opinion; (2) to be decisive and stick with his decisions, even if some doubts linger; (3) to try to change himself, not the world; and (4) to examine all the professions in the world and try to figure out what the best one is. Not surprising, Descartes determines that reasoning and searching for the truth is, if not the highest calling, at least extremely useful. For many years after his revelation, Descartes traveled widely and gained a reputation for wisdom, then retired to examine his thoughts in solitude. In part 4, Descartes offers proofs of the existence of the soul and of God. Contemplating the nature of dreams and the unreliability of the senses, he becomes aware of his own process of thinking and realizes it is proof of his existence: I think, therefore I exist (Cogito ergo sum). He also concludes that the soul is separate from the body based on the unreliability of the senses as compared with pure reason. His own doubts lead him to believe that he is imperfect, yet his ability to conceive of perfection indicates that something perfect must exist outside of him–namely, God. He reasons that all good things in the world must stem from God, as must all clear and distinct thoughts. Part 5 moves from discussion of a theory of light to theories about human anatomy. Descartes considers the fact that animals have many of the same organs as humans yet lack powers of speech or reason. He takes this difference to be evidence of humankind’s â€Å"rational soul.† He considers the mysterious connection of the soul to the body and concludes that the soul must have a life outside the body. Therefore it must not die when the body dies. Because he cannot conceive of a way that the soul could perish or be killed, he is forced to conclude that the soul is immortal. In part 6, Descartes cautiously touches on possible conflicts with the church over his ideas about physical science. Finally, he implores his readers to read carefully, apologizes for writing in French rather than Latin, and vows to shun fame and fortune in the name of pursuing truth and knowledge.